Lyapunov exponents for 2-D ray tracing without interfaces

Summary

The Lyapunov exponents asymptotically quantify the exponential divergence of rays. The "Lyapunov exponent" for a finite 2-D ray and the average "Lyapunov exponents" for a set of finite 2-D rays or lines and for a 2-D velocity model are introduced. The equations for the estimation of the average "Lyapunov exponents" in a given smooth 2-D velocity model without interfaces are proposed and illustrated by a numerical example. The equations allow to estimate the average exponential divergence of rays and exponential growth of the number of travel-time branches in the velocity model, prior to ray tracing.

Keywords

Velocity models, travel times, ray tracing, paraxial rays, deterministic chaos.

Whole paper

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Final version

Klimes, L. (2002): Lyapunov exponents for 2-D ray tracing without interfaces. Pure and appl. Geophys., 159, 1465-1485.

Expanded abstract

Klimes, L. (2000): Lyapunov exponents for 2-D ray tracing without interfaces. Expanded Abstracts of 70th Annual Meeting (Calgary), pp. 2293-2296, Soc. Explor. Geophysicists, Tulsa.

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